CONTENTS of the ARTICLE
Introduction:
First: The importance of the geostrategic location of
1- Adjusting the concept of geostrategy:
2- The geostrategic location of Mauritania:
Second: The security risks of the general situation of the Sahel and Sahara region on Mauritania.
1- Risks associated with the borders of the Sahel region:
The danger of terrorism
The danger of organized crime
The danger of clandestine immigration
2- Environmental risks of the site
3- Security risks of the general internal situation in Mauritania.
Introduction:
It is a common saying among strategists that the locations of countries in geopolitics are like the locations of apartments in Real estate, it represents an essential element in assessing its capacity and determining and measuring its weight, before we go on talking on the importance of the geostrategic location of Mauritania, perhaps it is worth recalling the linguistic and scientific significance of the term geostrategy, since geostrategic considerations have always played and will remain the largest role in determining the nature and nature of visions and the policies that govern the relations of any country with other countries, especially in its regional context to say that the concept of international relations is often an actual reflection of the requirements of the geographical and political reality and economy for a country, our interest in the importance of the geostrategic location of Mauritania firstly the Sahel and Sahara region. It stems from our realization of its impact, Secondly its direct impact at the same time on the seriousness of the general situation experienced by these people region.
First: The importance of the geostrategic location of Mauritania in the Sahel and Sahara region.
1- Adjusting the concept of geostrategy:
The term geostrategy as it is clear, consists of two phrases: Geo, meaning land, and strategic Strategy linguistically means the art of using military force to win war goals, but the scientific use of this the term deviated from its linguistic framework and acquired deeper and more comprehensive scientific dimensions than the mere linguistic meaning for its previous expressions, as this concept has come to mean in its general connotations the ability of any country to make the best use of data geographical, political, economic, social and military available to him, and thus exceeded the concept Geostrategy, in terms of the comprehensiveness of the significance, the concepts of geopolitics and geopolitics, considering the first to mean By searching for the needs that this or that country requires to grow, even if that is by means from beyond the borders, while the second is concerned with studying the impact of geography, both natural and human on politics.
Hence, the term geostrategy now includes a broader conceptual range than the semantics of geopolitics, as The latter constitutes only a limited scope in which fixed (natural) and mobile (human) geographical elements are invested. And their interactions in drawing current and future policies within the regional and international framework of any political entity, while Geostrategy includes a group of geopolitical domains and blocs, becoming a major focal point in the field Global strategies and their objectives, especially when the perceptions of the major powers are placed within the framework of expansion and extension (1)
2- The geostrategic location of Mauritania:
The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is located in the geographical area between West Africa and Morocco Arab between latitudes 15° and 27°N and longitudes 5° and 17°W, where the sands of The Sahara desert is the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its frontage extends over this ocean for a distance of more than 700 km, its area is 1,030,700 square kilometers (2). This distinguished location qualified it to carry out the task of linking the north and west of the African continent, a problem with its location the unique strategic main gateway on the Atlantic Ocean to many countries of sub-Saharan Africa Specifically for the group of landlocked countries that represent the depth of the Sahel and Sahara region, namely Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso and Chad.
Perhaps this site is becoming increasingly important in view of the position occupied by countries deep in the African Sahel region, those as the most important geostrategic areas in the African continent in particular and in the world, what made this region, it enjoys great international attention (3) which is reflected today in the remarkable competition over it between the various major powers such as China, the United States of America, Russia, France, Turkey and others, due to the availability of huge natural resources, primarily gold, gas, oil and uranium.
Since the term geo-strategy expresses the political geography of a region through realization and understanding Exploiting the characteristics of geography to play a role that goes beyond the borders of the state and helps it influence regional policies Or international, as well as its own benefit from the advantages of its geographical location in promoting the process of development.
Since many researchers in this field agree that the importance of the geostrategic location is usually reflected in three levels, namely the international, regional and local (4), our interest in studying the geostrategic location for Mauritania stems mainly from awareness of its privileged position in the Sahel and Sahara region, as it is considered at the time.
The current one is one of the most important players in this region, peace and war, in a way that made it an important party in the situation equation The General Security Department is within this region and is strongly concerned with the repercussions of the conflict in it.
Perhaps the importance of Mauritania’s role in this region is what made it a first destination for the various major Powers Especially the United States of America (5) and Russia (6), where they see it as the most prominent member of the regional grouping known as the Grouping of the Five Countries in the Sahel, whose permanent secretariate is located in the Mauritanian capital, Nouakchott this capital also hosts a “Military College for Defense” affiliated to this gathering, which works to train high-ranking officers of different country. It is also in view of its long history in this region and its geographical, sociological and cultural overlap With it, Mauritania has been able, since its establishment to play an influential role politically, economically and militarily, its African surroundings in general and in this region in particular.
If the actual power of any country is not determined by its influence at a certain time, but rather by its permanent ability to influence through what it possesses of the elements of national power, such as the geographical area, population, and natural resources, economic capabilities, military power, technological infrastructure, cultural activities, and political institutions, the morale of the people and so on. The measure of judgment on the geostrategic strength of Mauritania is based on these ingredients can be demonstrated by measuring their ability to use and employ their great potential, first and foremost is its large geographical area, the distinction of its strategic location, the importance and diversity of its resources. Its natural resources are iron, copper, gold, oil and gas, as well as its vast fish and animal wealth.
Also, Mauritania, despite its limited population size has been influential in its space for ages Civilizational and cultural, which was greatly enhanced after its establishment as an independent country, as its diplomatic effectiveness was during in the first decades of its establishment, it had a distinguished presence in the regional and international theaters, and today it is characterized by its latent capabilities in its large geographical size (1,030,700 km) and in the excellence of its geostrategic location and growing its military capabilities, at least compared to its regional surroundings, as well as its enormous natural wealth Seems more able to develop and develop its own capabilities by working on the optimal utilization of these resources. As well as to invest its strategic location and tactical capabilities in the field of defending its security and stability when which endangers either of them. Perhaps the geostrategic importance of the Mauritanian site is becoming more evident with the large discoveries of gas.
Natural resources, which experts believe will make Mauritania the third largest source of energy in Africa after Niger and Algeria, which will put it firmly at the forefront of the main players on the global energy map, as someone confirms the Mauritanian researchers in this field show that the strategic location of the Mauritanian gas fields is estimated to be more reserves of 110 trillion cubic feet, and its proximity to Europe, especially Spain, makes it a favorite destination for businesses global investors in the field of gas (7). It remains to point out that Mauritania’s ability to employ and investment is the importance of its geostrategic location and its great development potential depends on its awareness of the size of the risks that threaten it because of this important site Al-Hassas, where the region is politically, socially and security turbulent, and suffers – despite what this region abounds in.
From the enormous natural wealth that the major international powers drool over – from a chronic state of fragility and exposure in front of a great international competition between the various major international powers and transcontinental companies.
Perhaps this is what prompted a researcher to say that in light of the wave of regional unrest that is experiencing, including the countries of the region, which made many of them very close to the status of a failed state, according to William Olssn “That country that faces real problems exposes its unity, survival and continuity danger” (8), Mauritania may appear to be the bright spot in this region, as it has so far been spared from storms.
Rebellion and extremism sweeping the countries of the region, and this says it is not an easy matter for a poor country corrupted by politics fragile, military partisanship, ethnic tensions and growing militancy, and suffers from a mixture of weaknesses inherent, with the fact that it constitutes a bright exception in the region, but that does not mean that it has become outside danger circle (9).
Second: The security risks of the general situation of the Sahel and Sahara region on Mauritania.
Many studies around the Sahel and Sahara region of Africa gather that it contains a lot one of the security risks and challenges in its comprehensive and contemporary concept, which includes the emerging criminal phenomena organized crime, political, economic and social risks, as well as cybercriminal phenomena terrorist operations, both traditional and advanced. Thus, this geographical bloc became in the desert and the coast They represent the biggest disturbances to African countries, the most fragile in the security system, and the most lenient in terms of security bringing in extremist terrorist organizations; Which made it occupy the top of the interests of the security departments and decision-making institutions politics at both the regional and international levels (10).
Indeed, the issue of security in the Sahel and the Sahara region has reached such a level of complexity that many people consider it is very dark and pessimistic, and they describe it as a difficult security dilemma, which no longer threatens the security of Africa. However, its extended and indirect security situation has become a source of threat to the security of neighboring countries Arab and European countries alike (11).
There is no doubt that the geostrategic location of Mauritania associated with this region has many advantages, however History also proved that the importance of this site is what made it at the beginning of the last century a direct target for colonialism French, where he was at the forefront of the reasons given by the advocates of the occupation (12) to resolve their decision to occupy it is the goal represented in the necessity of linking France’s colonies in North and West Africa, from that date to the present day. This is still the geostrategic location of Mauritania imposes many security and environmental challenges and risks, not to mention the challenges posed by its presence in a politically and socially turbulent region, and we will suffice with mentioning it the most important of these challenges and risks:
1- Border risks:
The location of the geographical neighborhood often has severe effects on relations between neighboring countries, whether in time of peace or in times of war, and it can be said in general that the probability of the emergence of problems increases the more the number of neighboring countries has increased, hence Mauritania, which is located on a total area of more than 1030 700 km2. It is distributed between a land area of approximately 834,000 km2 and a water area of about 234,000 km2. A total of 5,074 km of wilderness, and its border surroundings are shared by four neighboring countries: Algeria, at a rate of 463 km and the territory of Western Sahara at an average of 1561 km, Senegal at an average of 813 km and Mali at an average of 2237 km as well as a coastal strip with a length of 754 km.
So, Mauritania, like other countries with multiple borders, appears to be exposed to dangers
Border problems, many of which appear clearly today, are due to geostrategic considerations
Recognizing that the effects of long and complex borders make our country vulnerable to many negative repercussions of multiplicity Borders, not the least of which are the problems of maintaining and controlling security on turbulent frontiers in many cases.
Undoubtedly, Mauritania’s eastern borders with its neighbor, the Republic of Mali, appear to be the most dangerous Absolutely, where the state of laxity and absence of the state in the financial north, in light of the exceptional situation that led The turbulent Azawad region, which is adjacent to the long borders of the Mauritanian geographical area from the east, is experiencing a presence Many security problems for Mauritania.
Of which the most prominent and dangerous to the national security was the existence of many terrorist organizations, which it declared early on its hostility to Mauritania by carrying out several terrorist attacks, in which dozens of people were killed Mauritanian soldiers.
Not to mention the security problems created by organized crime through smuggling and secret immigration gangs strongly located within this region, which has made the country over the past years vulnerable to many organized crimes and the spread of human trafficking gangs, illegal immigration and drug smuggling, until it became Mauritania. One of the international crossings to smuggle this dangerous pest, despite the many dangers usually associated with it, not the least of them Localizing organized crime gangs with the ability to penetrate the institutions of influence in the country, and we will suffice with an offer a summary of the most important of these security challenges that cross the Mauritanian borders follows.
Terrorism risk:
Although terrorism has become a cross-border crime and a global phenomenon that burns many people communities and countries, Mauritania has suffered from its fire during the period from 2005 to 2011, as the numbers of Considerable Mauritanian youth – and for many reasons – have entered the ranks of the terrorist organizations present in The Sahel and Sahara region, thus forming, according to some scholars, a qualitative addition to extremist ideologies violent and terrorist activists with higher ranks in those organizations (13).
Numerous studies on the subject confirm that Mauritanian youth were influential and present it is abundant in the Sahara branch of the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat, which was later called Al Qaeda in the Maghreb Islamic State (AQIM) in 2007. With this remarkable presence, they are the second largest source of fighters and ideologies for this organization after the Algerians. This had great terrorist consequences for the country, where the group’s elements rose The Algerian Salafist Preaching and Combat (GSPC) supported by some Mauritanian elements carried out a bloody attack on a barracks military forces in the Mauritanian town of “Lamghiti”, which is located near the borders with Mali and Algeria, on: 4 June 2005, which claimed the lives of 15 Mauritanian soldiers. The extent of the threat posed by the threat will be confirmed later, the terrorist organization of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb attacked the country after another attack that was carried out in 2008 on the remote desert town of Turin in northern Mauritania, which resulted in the kidnapping and beheading of 12 soldiers. (14)
However, Mauritania, despite being one of the first countries in the Sahel region to be subjected to terrorist attacks, especially During the period from 2005 to 2011, however, it was later able to spare the country most of the security threats. Imposed by these armed Islamic groups. It will make the Mauritanian model in confrontation with these organizations are an inspiring and informative model (15), in which the Mauritanian authorities succeeded in regaining control over on the border areas, which have long been exploited by armed Islamic groups to their advantage in the Sahel region.
A Western scholar of the phenomenon of terrorism in Mauritania concludes that what he calls “the violent era, it proved that Mauritania is resistant to jihadism in a remarkable way, despite the presence of factors that fuel extremism. Such as deep social divisions, corruption, authoritarianism, deepening economic despondency and the availability of jihadist sanctuaries.
Safe and external battlefields nearby, most recently in Mali, where it was able to weather the storm for several reasons, most notably the skillful combination of dialogue with some imprisoned jihadists and their rehabilitation with imposition Harsh judicial punishment against others, as well as strengthening the monitoring of mosques andIslamic schools and the consolidation of control on her. This last measure seems, in his view, to be very important in the official narrative that considers imitation the long history of Islamic schools and teachings in Mauritania contributes to immunizing potential militants against Misleading jihadist ideas. However, he says, this narrative may lead to obscuring the socio-economic roots the most profound issue of extremism (16).
The danger of organized crime:
Global awareness of the danger of organized crime has led the United Nations General Assembly to adopt The International Convention against Organized Crime, according to Resolution 25/55 of November 15 2000, to enter into force in accordance with Articles 29 and 38 thereof in September 2003, and the number of states parties to the this agreement in July 2018 to 190 countries. Three protocols targeting specific areas and manifestations of organized crime were also annexed to this agreement The first concerned the prevention, suppression and punishment of trafficking in persons, especially women and children; The second counter the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air, while the third was related to combating the manufacture of firearms parts and components, ammunition and illegal trade thereof. Countries must be parties to it Convention itself before becoming a party to any of these protocols). )
This agreement has defined in its second article, paragraph A, organized crime by saying: “The expression means a group organized criminal, a structured group of three or more persons that has existed for a period of time and act in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or acts criminalized in accordance with these .»…the agreement in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit. We point out here that although Mauritania has ratified this agreement since July 2005, the many reports are still stating that it ranks high on the global index of organized crime, where reached Its ranking on the first edition of this index ranked 125 globally out of 193 countries.
In this report, countries are arranged according to the severity of their damage from organized crime determine the rank of each country based on its measurement on a scale of 10 degrees, and the closer the country is to the 10th degree, organized crime levels have risen. The index covers a range of crimes, including human trafficking and weapons, drugs, heroin, and crimes related to non-renewable energy, as well as livestock and vegetarianism (18). Mauritania achieved an honorable place on the index scale, with a score of 4.38, which is the same rank. It is the third in the Arab world in the field of combating organized crime, after Tunisia and the Sultanate of Oman. The Global Organized Crime Index, issued by the Global Initiative to Combat Organized Crime Transnational”, stated that the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the country most affected by organized crime in the country the world, followed by Nigeria, Central African Republic, Kenya, South Africa, Libya, Mozambique and Sudan Cameroon is in the top ten in Africa, respectively.
The danger of clandestine immigration
Mauritania is considered, by virtue of its open location on the West and Central Africa regions and overlooking the sea on European borders across the gates of the Spanish Canary Islands, which are only a few tens of miles away – A country that attracts migrant workers par excellence, whether those wishing to cross to the bliss of Europe or the promised paradise.
It has also been portrayed by some human trafficking groups, or those whose ambition ends up settling entirely in this country, which has been characterized since its establishment by the absence of immigration control, which made it easier for many of them to obtain on his identification papers and the enjoyment of what some scholars call negative citizenship rights, especially after you have submitted European countries crack down on immigrants by adopting strict anti-immigration policies confidentiality, which forced most of the migrants through Mauritania to refrain from embarking on the adventure of immigration to Europe. It is enough to settle down in the country of transit after finding work and finding a place to live and perhaps forever.
In defining the paths of secret migration through Mauritania, many studies confirm that the western route (Desert Road) starting from Mauritania has become a destination for many asylum seekers and irregular migrants. The International Organization for Migration estimates the number of migrants across the Atlantic Ocean, specifically from the coast of Mauritania to Canary Islands by more than 5 thousand during the year 2020, as they arrived on board 200 boats, noting that The number has increased 10 times compared to 2019.
Philip Froud, assistant professor at the Canadian University of Ottawa, who specializes in tracking migration paths, confirms that The preference of more immigrants for the migration path through Mauritania came due to the increased tightening of procedures in Niger Increasing their sense of the dangers of going to Libya due to the role of the media and the efforts of the International Organization for Migration In sensitizing it (19).
2 – Risks of the environmental nature of the site
The environment is of great importance in the life of societies and countries, due to the associated resources the patterns and conditions of life of every living being on the face of the earth, and as far as the technical level is modest, it remains Man is more subject to the elements of his environment and more affected by its fluctuations (20), and perhaps one of the most prominent chronic environmental problems Mauritania has problems of desertification and drought due to the scarcity of rain and the severe desert climate Cruelty.
In general, it can be said that the environmental situation in Mauritania is characterized by “in general, a severe rainy regime.” volatility and permanent disability and the destruction of trees for natural reasons by human action and damage to the vegetation cover, which leads to accelerate erosion in three-quarters of the national territory and to an actual decrease in the productivity of lands (lands dry).
Desertification and its consequences are among the most prominent manifestations of climatic fluctuations in the ecosystems of Mauritania. And the disappearance of the vegetation cover actually causes a great spread of sand and the desertification of lands, according to the nature of the land. In turn, the rural and urban environment is witnessing difficulties associated with various forms of pollution. It offers water quality consumption and sanitation are major public health problems. The nature of the air in the centers has receded major cities (Nouakchott and Nouadhibou) due to the presence of increasing amounts of polluting vehicle exhaust gases Especially since most of these cars are old and use bad fuel.(21)
3- Security risks of the general internal situation in Mauritania
Despite the elements of strength that Mauritania enjoys, such as the geostrategic location, large area and wealth natural minerals such as iron, gold, copper and phosphates, as well as fish, agricultural and animal resources, Not to mention its promising capabilities in the field of gas and oil, it is still suffering, like most African countries.
Especially in the Sahel and Sahara region, there are two acute problems that prevent the development and stability it aspires to Where the first problem is related to the general political and social situation in the country, while the second is related to the inability to exploit its natural, human and economic resources for the benefit of development. As prominent features of the general situation of the country economically, politically, socially and culturally are still floating on the surface, on the economic level, the situation of the national economy still reflects many weaknesses and underdevelopment. It is the inadequacy and often inability even to simply self-response to the basic needs of many people, nor an overwhelming majority of the country’s citizens still live under all the red lines of poverty and suffer deprivation and destitution and the loss of the ability to manage its basic and urgent goals due to the spread of poverty and unemployment, especially among the ranks Young people, this situation has been greatly exacerbated by the forced abandonment of the state under the prescriptions of the International Monetary Institutions .Its social role as the first guarantor of life opportunities for all its citizens, and even made it appear sometimes in the position of accomplice With the mafias of private capital, in both its foreign and national parts, in light of the exacerbation of corruption phenomena Financial and administrative due to the lack of transparency in managing the structures, bodies and institutions of the national economy in the country.
As for the political level, the most prominent feature is the state of political instability that is widely imprinted Coups and the permanent strife between successive regimes and the opposition and the inability so far to chart a correct path A way out of this chronic state of aggravation is promised stability, which can be considered as an uninterrupted continuation or Reducing a prominent feature of the Mauritanian political system since the military establishment seized power after a coup July 10, 1978, which overthrew the regime of the late President Mokhtar Ould Daddah. Despite the endeavors of the current president of the regime, Muhammad Walad al-Sheikh al-Ghazwani – who is the first president from a military background. He comes to power through elections without a coup precedent – since he came to power in August 2019 until normalization political life, and to stay away as much as possible from the causes of tension in the general political situation, and even to do some Attempts to reach a common and mutual understanding of things, the demand for in-depth dialogue on all matters, the issue and the relationship is still postponed, even if some understandings have been reached between this regime and its opposition.
In order to resolve some immediate issues, such as the issue of understanding on a specific procedure for conducting the parliamentary elections. And the regional and municipal next in the month of April. Despite this, it can be said that Mauritania, like the countries of the logic of no-solution as a whole, still suffers from an absence consensus between the national parties and from a significant weakness in the political principles of the political dialogue as it was the legal and judicial institutions in it are weak and I am not independent from the implementation chain, as well as by association and subjecting Almtiq to this Alajehh. It also still suffers from the absence of state institutions, despite their importance in strengthening Political participation and achieving political stability, the importance that made Samuel Huntington link the importance of institutionalization, political participation and political stability, as he believes that achieving The latter depends on the extent to which political institutions are built that organize political participation and prevent instability (22).
Rather, quite a few researchers concluded that one of the most important causes of the phenomenon of political instability in the countries of the Sahel and Sahara region, including Mauritania, the failure of state administration is due to the reality of domination and totalitarianism, the political repercussions of the poor economic and social situation of most of these countries, not to mention the fragility the financial and military conditions on which most totalitarian regimes in the region depend, without forgetting the factor and the unfair pressures exerted by foreign partners on their governments (23).
On the social level, the situation of the political and economic situation is clearly reflected in the situation of the fabric Mauritanian society, clearly demonstrating the inability of the Mauritanian state so far to melt all the components of its people In one cohesive and cohesive national fabric, based on respect for the rights of true and true citizenship and to honor their duties. Rather, the condition of the disjointed social fabric make us watch from time to time and through different eras, manifestations of division and disintegration, and we hear unprecedented calls for factional and racial quotas Separation, rupture, and fragmentation, for this unstable entity characterized by fragility, weak affiliation, and even absence loyalty to the state among many of its segments, groups and tribes.
Which definitively indicates that the Mauritanian national state – despite the passage of more than six decades on its establishment has failed miserably in melting the Mauritanian society with all its components within its general framework, and it has not been able to now it must establish its legitimacy so that it can be a real alternative to the narrow loyalties of its citizens, be it racism, tribalism and regionalism and sliced.
On the cultural level, she still suffers from fluctuation and turmoil in her educational choices, and she moves without guidance from those around her, one educational system to another in an effort to adapt to the problems of Francophone penetration, whose role has exacerbated and increased during the past fifty years, due to cultural and economic dependence, and so on due to this abhorrent dependency is happening until now Work to disrupt the demarcation of the official and constitutional language of the country, i.e. Arabic, and not be able to activate the languages the other patriotism, which makes it a tool for communication and acculturation between the various components of the Mauritanian people. And that despite to move away from activating the role of the national languages, and to continue to make the French language a language of learning and work administration and economy make our people lose their ability to communicate with their cultural and civilizational roots, and make them more vulnerable, they are incapable of creativity and advancement and are more vulnerable to cultural usurpation of their identity and their religious and cultural constants.
Conclusion :
As a summary of the foregoing, there is no doubt that despite the geostrategic importance of Mauritania and despite what it abounds in despite its enormous capabilities, it is still in dire need of rational and effective political governance mechanisms to achieve development and consolidation the values of democracy and political stability, in a way that guarantees its national unity further consolidation, steadfastness and rootedness, especially since what is issued from time to time of statements, and positions of some political elites in the country clearly reflects the size of the disagreement over what should be the national constants, and it also warns of great dangers for the future of national unity and thus the stability of the country, and perhaps this is what calls for more than ever before investing in the current phase of political calm in entering directly into a serious and comprehensive national dialogue that excludes anyone, regardless of his size and regardless of the size of the difference with his opinion. Dialogue is based on a clear identification of a number one of the goals, concepts and visions that despite its obviousness, still raises a dispute about it from one extreme to the other.
There are many issues such as:
– The issue of the unifying national identity of this country, which raises a lot of confusion and prevents the activation of some constitutional provisions such as the demarcation of the Arabic language and national languages.
– The issue of democracy and human rights in terms of the overall rules and methods of correct practice.
– The issue of the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary and the separation of powers.
– The issue of confusing the system of government with the homeland on the one hand and between the policies of the ruler of the government and between interests Supreme of the country.
Overcoming the effects of this general crisis situation can only be through democratic dialogue that is based on National partnership and political participation based on respect for all for all. It is no longer acceptable for regimes to continue in a policy of ignoring the opposition and rejecting everything that comes from its side, whether positive or negative, and accusing it of provocation only, this disregard will only lead to more aggravation and to broader more violent confrontations and clashes.
It will only lead to some going far in blowing into the sail of storming everything. He who has no luck in the state he wished for disappear as they say.
- Pierre Célérier, Geopolitiqye et Geostratégie, Persée1965, translated by Atif Oulaibi in the Institute of Strategic Studies and Research And the documentation Beyrut, 1st edition, 1993, p. 12.
- Walad Abah and Others, , Mauritania: Culture, State and Society, Publications of the Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut.Second edition 2000, p. 82.
- Ghadir Dalila, The French Security Strategy in the African Sahel Region, Mali Case Study, Note completed an academic master’s degree in political science, majoring in international relations, security and strategic studies, from the Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kasdi Merbah University, academic year 2014-2015, pg. 21.
- Uday Johny, the geostrategic importance of Egypt, an article published on the Al-Jazeera Net website under the following link: https://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2011/2/11/ on February 3, 2023.
- The visit of Jonathan Viner, Vice President of the National Security Adviser in Washington, to Nouakchott on October 22-2021 is a strong indication of the role that the Biden administration assigned to Mauritania in strengthening its presence in the African Sahel region, as the visit represented. https://www.independentarabia.com/node/270326/
- Russia from the beginning of its intrested in the relation with Moritanya, there were several offiacial visited between the foriegn minister Sergi Lavrov and his counterpart. İn October 2019 the Moritanian presedent visit Rusya ; in July 2022 the Defence minister visit Rusya.
- Muhammad Albakkay The discovered gas of Mauritania.. Does it quench the thirst of Europe? https://www.aa.com.tr/ar 29/01/2023.
- Adnan Buzidi , study case about the Failer state concept and phenomenon, Madarat Siyasiye Journal vol4 march 2018. P 60.
- Anour Boukhars , Mauritania’s precarious stability and Islamist undercurrant : https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/02/11/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730
- Dr. Alkhader Albaki Muhammad The Sahel and Sahara region of Africa towards a sustainable security perspective: https://trendsresearch.org/ar/insight/sahel-africa-22-2/
- İbid
- Xavier Coppolani is considered one of the most prominent theorists of the colonization of Mauritania. As it refers to the colonial project of Mauritania, This was when he submitted to the French Colonies and Foreign Ministries a proposal to occupy Mauritania, claiming the great importance of that in The link between the French colonies in the western Sudan and the North Africans, Which will be decided after an initial objection according to the decision at 12/27/1899. Look to the Walad Abah and Others, , Mauritania: Culture, State and Society, Publications of the Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut.Second edition 2000, p. 82.
- Anour Boukhars , Keeping Terrorısm at bay in Maurıtania : https://africacenter.org/spotlight/keeping-terrorism-at-bay-in-mauritania/
- İbid
- İbid
- FREDERIC WEHREY, Control and Contain: Mauritania’s Clerics and the Strategy Against Violent Extremism, https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/03/29/control-and-contain-mauritania-s-clerics-and-strategy-against-violent-extremism-pub-78729
- United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto, https://www.unodc.org/romena/en/untoc.html
- https://elfikr.net/?q=node/7694
- Mahmoud alsabki Desert Road.. Paths and networks of irregular migration to Europe via Mauritania https://www.taqadoum.mr/node/13590 .
- Saydi Abdullah almahboubi and babah muhammad naser area and population in Walad Abah and Others, , Mauritania: Culture, State and Society, Publications of the Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut.Second edition 2000, p. 13.
- Committee supervising the national strategy for social protection Report on the national strategy for social protection in Mauritania Prepared in cooperation with UNESCO Published on the website of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development 2013 p. 30.
- Samuel Huntington: “Political for Changing Societies.” Traslated by Felo Aboud ,Beyrut Dar Alsaki 1993,p.101-102.
- Albert Bourgi ;les transitions democratiques en afrique sub-saherienne,2000,p.60.
